The sociology of development has undergone significant paradigm shifts since its emergence as a field in the mid-20th century. Initially dominated by modernization theory, which promoted a linear, Western-centric view of progress, the field gradually responded to critiques of ethnocentrism, structural inequalities, and the neglect of local contexts. This study explores the historical evolution of development sociology, critically analyzing how key theoretical frameworks—including dependency theory, world-systems theory, post-development critique, and contemporary approaches rooted in sustainability and decolonial thought—have shaped understandings of social change and development. Using a qualitative, comparative analysis of major theoretical contributions and their real-world applications, this paper maps the shifting paradigms that have influenced development policy and practice across the Global South.

The study reveals that development sociology has moved from a top-down, economic growth-oriented perspective to a more nuanced, multidimensional approach that prioritizes agency, cultural context, and power relations. The findings highlight how new paradigms challenge the legacy of colonialism, question the universality of Western models, and emphasize participatory, grassroots development. Furthermore, the research identifies a growing convergence between critical development studies and global social justice movements, signaling a re-politicization of the field.